Macau to celebrate Chinese rule as Hong Kong seethes

The jubilation will be in contrast to the mood in neighbouring Hong Kong, the only other region run under the "one country, two systems" model which has endured six months of often violent pro-democracy protests.

Chinese President Xi Jinping will attend Friday's anniversary celebrations in Macau, where the population of 700,000 has expressed little of the Hong Kong-style dissent.

"(Macau) is like the good boy in a family," Larry So, a Hong Kong-born social scientist who taught and has retired in Macau, told AFP.

"Good boys always get candies, and the good boy may find his life pretty comfortable."

Macau's skyline and economy have changed beyond recognition since four centuries of Portuguese rule ended in 1999, with glittering casinos the backbone of the city's dramatic rise.

As the only place in China where gambling is allowed, Macau's GDP has soared from $6.4 billion in 1999 to more than $55 billion.

Per capita GDP is the second highest in the world behind oil-rich Qatar and its casinos now rake in each week the same as Las Vegas makes in a month.

"Since the handover the living standards have seen a big improvement," secondary school teacher Celia Chong told AFP last week as her students searched for tourists to fill out a questionnaire.

Chong cited generous government subsidies and handouts, as well as opportunities to work on the mainland.

"I think as a resident in Macau, the handover anniversary will be a happy, big event," she said.

Shotah Zhang said his family's business of selling egg tarts to tourists had boomed.

"Before it was a very quiet little town, but in the past 20 years, we have had a big change," he told AFP.

Nearly 36 million tourists visited Macau in 2018, the vast majority from mainland China.

- Contrasting systems -

The "one country, two systems" models for Macau and Hong Kong allows the cities greater freedoms and liberties than those on the mainland.

The people of Hong Kong, a former British colony that reverted to Chinese rule in 1997, have consistently pushed to protect or maximise those freedoms.

Hong Kong has a bustling free press, a largely independent judiciary and an influential group of pro-democracy lawmakers.

These democratic factors culminated in the tumultuous events of the past six months, in which hundreds of thousands of people have taken to Hong Kong's streets demanding universal suffrage.

A newly radicalised youth has added a dangerous sub-layer to Hong Kong's pro-democracy movement, leading to increasingly violent battles with riot police.

Just a one-hour ferry ride away in Macau, there has been no such opposition to Chinese rule.

Its politicians have long since passed pro-Beijing security laws, whereas in Hong Kong failed attempts to do so have triggered the unrest.

In the run up to the anniversary, senior figures of China's Communist Party praised Macau for embracing the way Beijing wants to implement "one country, two systems".

"Macau people have been standing fast with the core value of loving our country and Macau," Li Zhanshu, the chairman of China's rubber-stamp parliament, said in a speech.

"They have very strong concepts of nation and constitution."

Li held up Macau as a model for Hong Kong, lecturing the rebellious city to better understand its relationship with China.

"For some aspects of work, the central government expects the same for Hong Kong and Macau," he said.

- Vulnerabilities -

But while Macau has grown rich and been politically stable in the 20 years of Chinese rule, it has many vulnerabilities.

Although its per capita GDP is high, there is a huge rich-poor divide and almost all its economic chips are in the gambling basket.

After President Xi launched an anti-corruption drive when he came to power in 2012, Macau's revenues nose-dived.

The city has since tried to rebrand itself as a tourism and food destination, but gambling still accounts for 80 percent of government revenue.

Macau has a reputation as a global hub for organised crime -- the US State Department lists the city as a major money laundering destination -- and prostitution is rife.

There are frustrations about overcrowding, the cost of living and Macau's unique blend of Portuguese and Cantonese culture getting subsumed.

While anger rarely manifests as protests, frustration is there, according to Sulu Sou, one of just four pro-democracy lawmakers in the city's semi-elected legislature.

"People want to preserve Macau's heritage," Sou told AFP.

"I am afraid that it's increasingly inevitable that Macau will eventually become just another Chinese city."

Asia's casino capital: Macau in five points
Macau (AFP) Dec 17, 2019 - The former Portuguese colony of Macau on Friday marks the 20th anniversary of its return to Chinese rule under the "one country, two systems" principle also in place in Hong Kong.

Here are five things to know about the small semi-autonomous territory, Asia's most famous gambling hub.

- Long-time Europe trading post -

The fishing port became the first European trading post in Asia in 1557 when a Chinese governor agreed to lease it to Portugal in reward for fighting piracy.

For the next three centuries it was the main point of passage for goods between China and the West, only surpassed in 1841 when nearby Hong Kong came under British control.

A Roman Catholic diocese was created in 1576 and Macau became a base for Catholic missions in China and beyond. Portuguese Jesuits set up Asia's first European university there in 1594.

In the 1950s and 1960s, the colony was an exit point for communist China's exports, notably of gold.

- 'One country, two systems' -

After leftist riots in 1966, Portugal offered to hand Macau back to communist China but was rebuffed.

Nonetheless, in negotiations that started in 1986, Portugal agreed in 1987 to hand Macau back to China on December 20, 1999.

In terms of the deal, Macau would have the status of a "Special Administrative Region" and be exempted from China's communist system for at least 50 years.

Macau's 1993 Basic Law, its mini-constitution drawn up by Beijing, allows it to maintain a capitalist Western system until at least 2049 and a high degree of autonomy.

- 1999 return to China -

At midnight on December 20, 1999, the Chinese flag was hoisted in Macau as Portugal ended 442 years of rule.

It was the only remaining colony of the Portuguese Empire and Europe's last in Asia.

Roughly 500 troops rolled in, welcomed by Macau's Chinese inhabitants, who make up 98 percent of the population, waving flags and flowers.

Beijing used the handover to reiterate calls to Taiwan to also reunify with the mainland following their 1949 split.

Hong Kong returned to Chinese sovereignty in 1997 but also remains semi-autonomous.

- Bigger than Vegas -

While gambling is banned in China, it has been legal in Macau since 1844 and Chinese visitors pour across the border to try their luck in around 40 glitzy casinos.

From January to October 2019, it had more than 33.4 million visitors, the vast majority from mainland China.

This compares with its resident population of 631,000 people, living on 29 square kilometres (11 square miles).

The city depends almost entirely on gaming revenue, raking in more in a single week than Las Vegas makes in a month.

After an anti-corruption campaign launched in 2014 by Beijing, authorities are trying to wean the city off the gambling industry and are pushing family-oriented tourism.

But the sector still accounts for 80 percent of government revenue.

- Unique heritage -

Despite its plethora of modern hotels and casinos, glimpses of Macau's roots remain in its UNESCO-listed historic centre of baroque facades, ancient Chinese temples and the ruins of St Paul's cathedral -- and also in its famous Portuguese egg tarts.

Portuguese is its second official language.

The territory has the highest population density in the world. It is also amongst the richest places, although eight to 10 percent of its population lives below the poverty line, according to the Caritas relief group.

Situated on the Pearl River Estuary, it has since 2018 been linked to Hong Kong and Zhuhai by a 55-kilometre (34-mile) bridge.