The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit will be held Sunday and Monday, days before the military parade in nearby Beijing to mark 80 years since the end of World War II, which North Korea's Kim Jong Un will attend.
The SCO comprises China, India, Russia, Pakistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Belarus -- with 16 more countries affiliated as observers or "dialogue partners".
China and Russia have used the organisation -- sometimes touted as a counter to the Western-dominated NATO military alliance -- to deepen ties with Central Asian states.
As China's claim over Taiwan and Russia's invasion of Ukraine have seen them clash with the United States and Europe, analysts say the SCO is one forum where they are trying to win influence.
More than 20 leaders including Iranian and Turkish presidents Masoud Pezeshkian and Recep Tayyip Erdogan will attend the bloc's largest meeting since its founding in 2001.
Hosting this many leaders gives Beijing a chance to "demonstrate convening power", said Lizzi Lee from the Asia Society Policy Institute.
But substantial outcomes, she added, are not expected as the summit would be more about optics and agenda-setting.
"The SCO runs by consensus, and when you have countries deeply divided on core issues like India and Pakistan, or China and India, in the same room, that naturally limits ambition," Lee told AFP.
Beijing wants to show it can bring diverse leaders together and reinforce the idea that global governance is "not Western-dominated", she added.
Assistant Foreign Minister Liu Bin said Friday that the summit will bring stability in the face of "hegemonism and power politics", a veiled reference to the United States.
- Discussing Ukraine -
Putin's attendance comes as Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelensky insists that a meeting with him would be "the most effective way forward".
While US President Donald Trump has pushed to broker a Ukraine-Russia summit, Moscow has ruled out any immediate Putin-Zelensky talks.
Putin at the SCO summit will likely seek to demonstrate Russia's continued support from non-Western partners to promote its narratives of the cause of war and "how the 'just' end of the war will look like", said Dylan Loh, an assistant professor at Singapore's Nanyang Technological University.
"With Putin in the room, the war will hang over the proceedings," Asia Society's Lee said, but added that the topic of Ukraine would not be "front and centre" of the summit.
"The SCO avoids topics that divide members, and this one obviously does," she told AFP.
But Putin will want to show that he "is not isolated, reaffirming the partnership with Xi, and keeping Russia visible in Eurasia", Lee added.
- First visit in seven years -
Modi's visit is his first to China since 2018.
The world's two most populous nations are intense rivals competing for influence across South Asia and fought a deadly border clash in 2020.
A thaw began last October when Modi met with Xi for the first time in five years at a summit in Russia.
Caught in geopolitical turbulence triggered by Trump's tariff war, they have moved to mend ties.
"China will try its very best to pull out all stops to woo India, particularly capitalising on India's trade issues with the US," said Lim Tai Wei, a professor and East Asia expert at Japan's Soka University.
But fundamental differences between the countries cannot be resolved easily, he cautioned.
"Temporary respite or temperature-cooling, however, may be possible," Lim told AFP.
Modi was not present at China's 2015 parade and it remains unclear if he will attend this year's.
His attendance would be "a barometer of where the geopolitical wind blows in the global contestation between the West and China", Lim said.
China and India announced in August that they would restart direct flights, advance talks on their disputed border, and boost trade.
North Korea's Kim to attend military parade in China next week
Beijing (AFP) Aug 28, 2025 -
Some 26 leaders, including Russian President Vladimir Putin and Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian, will also attend the parade that will showcase China's latest equipment and see Xi Jinping inspect troops in Beijing's Tiananmen Square.
Millions of Chinese people were killed during a prolonged war with imperial Japan in the 1930s and 40s, which became part of a global conflict following Tokyo's attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.
Beijing's Communist Party has held a series of blockbuster events in recent years to commemorate its wartime resistance, vowing that China will never be brought to its knees in such a way again.
The parade on September 3 will feature ground troops marching in formation, armoured columns, aerial echelons and other high-tech fighting gear.
China has touted the parade as a show of unity with other countries.
Beijing's assistant minister of foreign affairs, Hong Lei, announced Kim's attendance at a press conference on Thursday morning.
"The Chinese people will join hands with the people of all countries to firmly defend the victories of World War II," Hong told reporters.
"At present, the international situation is marked by intertwined turbulence and changes, with the deficit in world peace continuing to grow," he added.
Pyongyang's official Korean Central News Agency also announced the visit, saying Kim will be a guest "at the invitation of Comrade Xi Jinping".
- 'Cannot be bullied' -
China is North Korea's most important ally, their relationship forged in the bloodshed of the Korean War in the 1950s.
Beijing has historically provided diplomatic, economic and political support to the country, which remains under crippling international sanctions.
Kim's upcoming visit to Beijing is intended to show "the strength" of the ties between the two countries, said Chong Ja Ian, an associate professor of political science at the National University of Singapore.
The visit would signal that "the United States cannot bully them into submission", Chong told AFP.
There was "some talk previously that (North Korea) has gone closer to Moscow's orbit at the expense of Beijing", said Dylan Loh, an assistant professor at Singapore's Nanyang Technological University.
"That may still unfold but I think Kim's visit underlines the fact that this relationship is still going strong," Loh told AFP.
"It will also further demonstrate the influence and pulling power of China," he added.
- 'Traditional friendship' -
Assistant foreign minister Hong said that developing "the traditional friendship" between the two countries was Beijing's "firm position".
"China is willing to continue to strengthen exchanges and cooperation with North Korea...work closely in promoting regional peace and stability and safeguarding international fairness and justice," he added.
The North Korean leader last visited China in January 2019 for talks with Xi and had skipped Beijing's 2015 parade.
China's third highest-ranking official Zhao Leji visited North Korea in April last year, as the two countries marked 75 years of diplomatic ties.
Chinese people used to make up the bulk of foreign tourists and business visitors to the isolated nuclear nation before it sealed its borders during the Covid-19 pandemic.
North Korea has built a secret military base near its border with China, which may house Pyongyang's newest long-range ballistic missiles, research published this month showed.
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